Everything about Saul Friedl Nder totally explained
Saul Friedländer (born
October 11,
1932) is a
Pulitzer Prize-winning Israeli historian.
Life
Born in
Prague to German-speaking Jews, Friedländer grew up in
France and survived the German Occupation of
1940-
1944. From
1942 until
1944, Friedländer was hidden in a Catholic boarding school in Montlucon, near Vichy, posing as a Gentile. While in hiding, he considered converting to
Roman Catholicism. His parents attempted to flee to
Switzerland, were arrested instead by
Vichy French gendarmes, turned over to the Germans and were gassed at the
Auschwitz death camp. Not until
1946 did Friedländer learn the fate of his parents.
After 1946, Friedländer started to take pride in being a Jew and became a
Zionist. In 1948, Friedländer emigrated to Israel on the
Irgun ship "Altalena". After finishing highschool, he served in the Israeli army. From 1953-55, he studied Political Science in
Paris. Later, Friedlander served as secretary to
Nachum Goldman then President of the
World Zionist Organization and the
World Jewish Congress. In 1959, he became an assistant to Shimon Peres, then vice-minister of defense. Late in the 1980s, Friedländer moved to the Left and was active in the
Peace Now group.
In 1963 he received his Ph.D. from the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva, where he taught until 1988. Simultaneuosly Friedlander taught at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem and at Tel Aviv University. He first rose to fame in the
1960s through biographies of
Kurt Gerstein and
Pope Pius XII. Since 1988 he's a Professor of History at the University of California, Los Angeles.
Views
Friedländer sees
Nazism as the negation of all life, and as a type of death cult. He has argued that
the Holocaust is such a horrific event that its horror is almost impossible to put into normal language. Friedländer sees the anti-semitism of the
Nazi Party as unique in history, as he maintains that Nazi
Anti-Semitism was distinctive for being “redemptive anti-semitism”, namely a form of anti-semitism that could explain all in the world and offer a form of “redemption” for the anti-Semitic.
Friedländer is an
Intentionalist on the origins of the Holocaust question. However, Friedländer rejects the extreme Intentionalist view that
Adolf Hitler had a master plan going back to the time when he wrote
Mein Kampf for the
genocide of the Jewish people. Friedländer, through his research on the Third Reich, has reached the conclusion that there was no intention to exterminate the Jews of Europe before
1941. Friedländer's position might best be deemed moderate Intentionalist.
In the
1980s, Friedländer engaged in a spirited debate with the West German historian
Martin Broszat over his call for the "historicization" of
Nazi Germany. In Friedländer’s view, Nazi Germany wasn't and can't be seen as a normal period of history. Friedländer’s
1997 book,
Nazi Germany and the Jews was meant as a reply to Broszat’s work. The second volume, "Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939-1945 : The Years of Extermination" appeared in 2007. Friedländer’s book is
Alltagsgeschichte (history of everyday life), not of “Aryan” Germans nor of the Jewish community, but rather an
Alltagsgeschichte of the persecution of the Jewish community.
Awards
Friedländer was awarded the
Geschwister-Scholl-Preis in
1998 for his work,
Das Dritte Reich und die Juden. In 2007 he was awarded the
Peace Prize of the German Book Trade.
In 2008, Friedlander was awarded the prestigious
Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction for .
Work
- , New York : Knopf, 1966 trans. Charles Fullman, from the original Pie XII et le IIIe Reich, Documents, Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1964.
- Prelude to downfall: Hitler and the United States 1939-1941, London, Chatto & Windus, 1967.
- Kurt Gerstein, the ambiguity of good, New York : Knopf, 1969.
- L'Antisémitisme nazi : histoire d'une psychose collective, Paris : Editions du Seuil, 1971.
- co-written with Mahmoud Hussein Arabs & Israelis : a Dialogue Moderated by Jean Lacouture, New York : Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1975.
- Some aspects of the historical significance of the Holocaust, Jerusalem : Institute of Contemporary Jewry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1977.
- History and Psychoanalysis : an Inquiry Into the Possibilities and Limits of Psychohistory, New York : Holmes & Meier, 1978.
- When Memory Comes, New York : Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1979.
- Reflections of Nazism : an essay on Kitsch and death, New York : Harper & Row, 1984.
- Visions of apocalypse : end or rebirth?, New York : Holmes & Meier, 1985.
- Probing the limits of representation : Nazism and the "final solution", Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1992.
- Memory, history, and the extermination of the Jews of Europe, Bloomington : Indiana University Press, 1993
- Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1933-1939, New York : HarperCollins, 1997.
- , HarperCollins, 2007. Second Volume to the above.
Bibliography
Baldwin, Peter Reworking the Past: Hitler, The Holocaust, and the Historians' Debate, Boston, 1990.
Bauer, Yehuda Rethinking the Holocaust, New Haven [Conn.] ; London : Yale University Press, 2001.
Kershaw, Ian The Nazi Dictatorship : Problems and Perspectives Of Interpretation, London : Arnold ; New York : Copublished in the USA by Oxford University Press, 2000.Further Information
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